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1 nul
nul, nulle [nyl]1. indefinite adjectivea. ( = aucun) nob. ( = zéro) [résultat, différence, risque] nil ; ( = invalidé) [testament, bulletin de vote] null and voidc. (Sport) le score est nul (pour l'instant) there's no score ; (en fin de match) the match has ended in a nil-nil drawd. ( = qui ne vaut rien) useless2. masculine noun, feminine noun3. indefinite pronoun• nul d'entre vous n'ignore que... none of you is ignorant of the fact that...* * *
1.
nulle nyl adjectif1) (colloq) [personne] hopeless, useless; [travail, étude] worthless; [film, roman] trashy (colloq)2) Droit [contrat, mariage] void; [testament] invalid; [élections] null and void; [vote] spoiled3) Sport, Jeuxmatch nul — ( égalité) tie, draw GB; ( zéro partout) nil-all draw
4) ( qui n'existe pas) [différence, effet] nil (jamais épith); [récolte] nonexistent
2.
adjectif indéfini ( aucun) [homme, idée, pays] no
3.
(colloq) nom masculin, féminin idiot (colloq)c'est un nul — he's a dead loss (colloq), he's completely useless
4.
pronom indéfini no-onenul n'ignore que — everyone knows that; impossible
5.
nulle part locution adverbiale nowhere* * *nyl (nulle)1. dét(= aucun) no2. adj1)Ils ont fait match nul. — It was a draw.
2) (= minime) nil, non-existent3) (= non valable) null4) (= mauvais) useless, hopelessJe suis nul en maths. — I'm no good at maths.
Ce film est nul. — This film's rubbish.
3. pron* * *A adj1 (dépourvu d'intelligence, de valeur) [personne, élève] hopeless, useless; [travail, raisonnement, étude] worthless; [film, roman] trashy○; être nul en français/sciences/sport/dans une matière/dans un domaine to be hopeless at French/science/sports/at a subject/in a field; elle est complètement nulle she's completely hopeless ou useless; il est trop nul pour ce travail he's too useless for the job;2 Jur ( sans effet légal) [contrat, mariage] void; [testament] invalid; [élections] null and void; [vote, bulletin] spoiled; le contrat est nul en cas de fausse déclaration the contract is voidable in case of false declaration; nul et non avenu null and void;3 Sport, Jeux match/score nul ( équipes à égalité) tie, draw GB; ( zéro partout) nil-all draw/score;4 ( qui n'existe pas) [différence, danger, résultat, effet] nil ( jamais épith); [récolte] nonexistent; vent nul no wind.B adj indéf ( aucun) [personne, idée, valeur, endroit] no; nulle autre ville no other town; je n'ai nul besoin de tes conseils I've no need of your advice, I don't need your advice; je n'ai nulle envie de partir I've no desire to leave, I don't want to leave; nul autre que vous ne peut m'aider no-one else but you can help me; sans nul doute without any doubt; nul doute que ces résultats auront de graves conséquences these results will undoubtedly have serious consequences.D pron indéf no one; nul ne savait no one knew; les victimes, nul n'en doute, sont des prisonniers politiques no one is in any doubt that the victims are political prisoners; nul n'est censé ignorer la loi ignorance of the law is no excuse; nul n'ignore que everyone knows that.E nulle part loc adv nowhere; il n'a nulle part où aller he has nowhere to go; ⇒ impossible, prophète.Itu ne peux faire confiance à nul autre que lui you can trust nobody but him, he's the only one you can trustà nul autre pareil peerless, unrivalledsans nul doute undoubtedly, without any doubt————————nul mieux que lui n'aurait su analyser la situation no one could have analyzed the situation better than him————————nulle part locution adverbialeIIêtre nul en maths to be hopeless ou useless at mathsa. [mauvais] you're useless!b. [méchant] you're pathetic!rendre nul to nullify, to annul————————, nulle [nyl] nom masculin, nom féminin -
2 negado
adj.denied.past part.past participle of spanish verb: negar.* * *► adjetivo1 (inepto) hopeless, useless► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 no-hoper, total loss\ser negado,-a para algo to be hopeless at something, be useless at something, be a total loss at something* * *negado, -a1.ADJ hopeless, uselessser negado para algo — to be hopeless o useless at sth
2.SM / Fes un negado — he's hopeless o useless, he's a dead loss *
* * *I- da adjetivo useless (colloq), hopeless (colloq)IIes negado para la geografía — he's useless o hopeless at geography
- da masculino, femenino dead loss (colloq)* * *= lame duck.Ex. Having them call him a lame duck is just one more way for them to underestimate what they are up against.* * *I- da adjetivo useless (colloq), hopeless (colloq)IIes negado para la geografía — he's useless o hopeless at geography
- da masculino, femenino dead loss (colloq)* * *= lame duck.Ex: Having them call him a lame duck is just one more way for them to underestimate what they are up against.
* * *es negado para la geografía he's useless o hopeless at geographymasculine, femininedead loss ( colloq)es un negado para los deportes he's hopeless o terrible o a dead loss at sports* * *
Del verbo negar: ( conjugate negar)
negado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
negado
negar
negado◊ -da adjetivo: ser negado para algo to be useless o hopeless at sth
negar ( conjugate negar) verbo transitivo
niega habértelo dicho she denies having told you
verbo intransitivo:
negarse verbo pronominal ( rehusar) to refuse;
negadose a hacer algo to refuse to do sth;
se negó a que llamáramos a un médico he refused to let us call a doctor
negado,-a adjetivo & m,f (inepto) eres un negado, you are useless
es negada para las matemáticas, she's hopeless at maths
negar verbo transitivo
1 to deny: no me niegues que te gusta, don't deny you like her ➣ Ver nota en deny
2 (rechazar) to refuse, deny: me negó su apoyo, he refused to help me
es tan rencorosa que me niega el saludo, he's so bitter that he refuses to greet me
' negado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
negada
English:
hopeless
- useless
* * *negado, -a♦ adjuseless, inept;ser negado para algo to be useless o no good at sth♦ nm,fuseless person;ser un negado para algo to be useless o no good at sth* * *adj useless fam ;ser negado para algo be useless at sth fam* * *negado adj useless / hopeless¡qué negado eres para el bricolaje! you're useless at DIY! -
3 dix
c black dix [dis]• elle a eu dix sur dix [élève] she got ten out of ten━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✦ When dix is used alone, x is pronounced s, eg compter jusqu'à dix; it is pronounced z before a vowel sound, eg j'ai dix ans, and not pronounced at all before a consonant, eg dix personnes.* * *dis, but before consonant di, before vowel dizadjectif invariable, pronom ten••un de perdu, dix de retrouvés — Proverbe there's plenty more fish in the sea Proverbe
* * *dis1. adj numElle a dix ans. — She's ten., She's ten years old.
2. nm1) (= chiffre) ten2) (= numéro) tenIl habite au dix et moi au douze. — He lives at number ten and I live at number twelve.
3) (= note) full marksJ'ai eu un dix en géo. — I got full marks in geography.
4) (= jour) tenthNous sommes le dix aujourd'hui. — It's the tenth today.
5) (= carte à jouer) ten* * *ne rien savoir faire de ses dix doigts to be useless, to be good for nothing; un de perdu, dix de retrouvés Prov there's plenty more fish in the sea Prov.[dis, devant consonne di, devant voyelle ou 'h' muet diz ] déterminant‘les Dix Commandements’ C.B. De Mille ‘The Ten Commandments’voir aussi link=cinq cinq————————[dis, devant consonne di, devant voyelle ou 'h' muet diz ] nom masculin -
4 pez
f.pitch, tar (sustancia).m.1 fish (animal).pez de colores goldfishpez espada swordfishpez martillo hammerhead sharkpez de río freshwater fishpez volador flying fish2 pitch, tar.* * *1 pitch\negro,-a como la pez pitch-black————————► nombre masculino (pl peces)1 fish\estar/sentirse como pez en el agua to be in one's elementestar pez en algo familiar to be useless at something, know nothing about somethingpez espada swordfishpez martillo hammerhead sharkpez rata stargazer* * *noun m.* * *I1.SM fishpez gordo — * big shot *
pez volador, pez volante — flying fish
2.ADJ *IISF (=brea) pitch, tar* * *Imasculino fishestar pez en algo — (Esp fam)
IIestar or sentirse como pez en el agua — to be in one's element
* * *= fish.Ex. What is absolutely certain is that without some preparation by the teacher, a visitor cannot hope to achieve very much; he is in little better a position than cold fish on a marble slab.----* banco de peces = school of fish, shoal of fish.* cardumen de peces = school of fish, shoal of fish.* charca con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* criadero de peces = fishery, hatchery.* estanque con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* fuente con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* nadar como un pez = swim like + a fish.* pez de agua dulce = freshwater fish.* pez de colores = goldfish, tropical fish.* pez de fondo = groundfish, bottom fish.* pez de río = freshwater fish.* pez de valor = game fish.* pez escorpión = scorpion fish.* pez espada = swordfish.* pez gordo = power player, big wheel, big shot, big noise, big wig, fat cat.* pez marino = marine fish.* pez óseo = bony fish.* pez pequeño = minnow, bait fish.* pez piloto = pilot fish.* pez remo = oarfish.* pez tropical = tropical fish.* pez volador = flying fish.* quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.* sueldo de pez gordo = fat-cat salary.* * *Imasculino fishestar pez en algo — (Esp fam)
IIestar or sentirse como pez en el agua — to be in one's element
* * *= fish.Ex: What is absolutely certain is that without some preparation by the teacher, a visitor cannot hope to achieve very much; he is in little better a position than cold fish on a marble slab.
* banco de peces = school of fish, shoal of fish.* cardumen de peces = school of fish, shoal of fish.* charca con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* criadero de peces = fishery, hatchery.* estanque con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* fuente con peces = fish pond [fishpond].* nadar como un pez = swim like + a fish.* pez de agua dulce = freshwater fish.* pez de colores = goldfish, tropical fish.* pez de fondo = groundfish, bottom fish.* pez de río = freshwater fish.* pez de valor = game fish.* pez escorpión = scorpion fish.* pez espada = swordfish.* pez gordo = power player, big wheel, big shot, big noise, big wig, fat cat.* pez marino = marine fish.* pez óseo = bony fish.* pez pequeño = minnow, bait fish.* pez piloto = pilot fish.* pez remo = oarfish.* pez tropical = tropical fish.* pez volador = flying fish.* quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.* sueldo de pez gordo = fat-cat salary.* * *pez1fishpez de río freshwater fishestar pez en algo ( Esp fam): en geografía estoy pez I haven't a clue when it comes to geography ( colloq)en cuestiones de cocina estoy pez I don't know the first thing about cooking ( colloq)estar or sentirse como pez en el agua to be in one's elementCompuestos:goldfishme río/se ríe de los peces de colores I/he couldn't care lessmedakalungfishswordfish● pez lunamoonfishhammerheadlungfishsawfishflying fishpez2pitch, tarCompuesto:( Chi) chalk* * *
pez sustantivo masculino
fish;
pez de colores goldfish;
pez espada swordfish;
pez gordo (fam) ( persona importante) bigwig (colloq);
( en delito) big shot (colloq);
estar or sentirse como pez en el agua to be in one's element
■ sustantivo femenino ( sustancia) pitch, tar
pez
I sustantivo masculino
1 Zool fish
pez de colores, goldfish
pez espada, swordfish
pez martillo, hammerhead shark
pez sierra, sawfish
pez volador, flying fish
2 familiar pez gordo, bigwig, big shot
II sustantivo femenino (alquitrán) pitch
♦ Locuciones: estar como pez en el agua, to be in one's element
estar pez (en algo), to know nothing at all about sthg
' pez' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agalla
- aleta
- alevín
- coletazo
- espina
- globo
- lenguado
- picar
- rape
- reo
- albacora
- dulce
- enganchar
- nadar
- pescado
English:
angler fish
- bigshot
- bigwig
- carp
- catch
- element
- fish
- flounder
- flying fish
- freshwater
- gill
- goldfish
- gut
- peasant
- pitch
- scale
- sea-fish
- slimy
- spawn
- swordfish
- big
- sword
* * *pez1 nm[animal] fish;estar como pez en el agua to be in one's element;Esp Famestar pez (en algo) to have no idea (about sth);el pez grande se come al chico the big fish swallow up the little ones;pez de agua dulce freshwater fish;pez de agua salada saltwater fish;pez de colores goldfish;Famme río yo de los peces de colores I couldn't care less;pez erizo porcupine fish;pez espada swordfish;Fam Fig pez gordo big shot;pez luna sunfish;pez martillo hammerhead shark;pez piloto pilot fish;pez de río freshwater fish;pez sierra sawfish;pez volador flying fishpez2 nf[sustancia] pitch, tar* * *I m ZO fish;estar pez en algo fam be clueless about sth fam ;estar como pez en el agua be in one’s elementII f pitch, tar* * *1) : fish2)pez de colores : goldfish3)pez espada : swordfish4)pez gordo : big shot* * * -
5 mauvais
mauvais, e [mɔvε, εz]1. adjectivea. bad• ce n'est pas mauvais ! it's not bad!b. ( = faux) [méthode, moyens, direction, date, choix] wrongc. ( = méchant) [sourire, regard] nasty ; [personne, joie] malicious2. compounds• c'est de la mauvaise graine he's (or she's or they're) a bad lot (Brit) or seed (US) ► mauvaise herbe weed• enlever or arracher les mauvaises herbes du jardin to weed the garden ► mauvais pas* * *
1.
mauvaise mɔvɛ, ɛz adjectif1) ( d'un goût désagréable)2) ( de qualité inférieure) [repas, restaurant] poor; [tabac, alcool, café] cheap; [spectacle] terrible; [nourriture, hébergement, livre] bad; [dictionnaire, lycée, enregistrement] poor3) ( mal fait) [cuisine, travail, gestion, éducation] poor; [prononciation, départ] bad4) ( inadéquat) [conseil, définition, exemple, conditions de travail] bad; [projet] flawed; [renseignement] wrong; [éclairage, vue, mémoire, santé] poor5) ( inapproprié) wrong6) ( incompétent) [auteur, cuisinier, menteur, équipe] bad (en at); [élève, nageur, chasseur] poor; [avocat, médecin] incompetentêtre mauvais en français — [élève] to be bad at French
7) ( déplaisant) [nuit, rêve, nouvelle, journée, situation] bad; [surprise] nasty; [vacances] terrible8) ( méchant) [animal] vicious; [personne, sourire, remarque] nastymauvais coup — ( méchanceté) dirty trick; ( blessure) nasty knock; ( revers) terrible blow
9) ( grave) [fièvre, rhume] nasty10) ( peu lucratif) [rendement, terre] poor; [salaire] low; [récolte, saison] bad11) ( peu flatteur) [résultat, opinion] poor; [chiffres, critique] bad12) ( répréhensible) [père, comportement] bad; [chrétien] poor; [instinct] base; [génie, intention, pensée] evil
2.
sentir mauvais — lit to smell; fig (colloq) to look bad
sentir très mauvais — lit to stink; fig to stink (colloq)
ouvre la fenêtre, ça sent mauvais — open the window, there's a nasty smell
3.
nom masculin ( mauvais côté)Phrasal Verbs:••la trouver or l'avoir mauvaise — (colloq) to be furious
* * *mɔvɛ, ɛz mauvais, -e1. adj1) (jugement qualitatif) (élève, prestation, santé) poorJ'ai trouvé que le film était mauvais. — I didn't think the film was any good., I thought the film was poor.
Il est en mauvaise santé. — He is in poor health.
avoir mauvaise mine; Tu as mauvaise mine. — You don't look well.
Je suis mauvais en allemand. — I'm no good at German., I'm bad at German.
2) (jugement moral) (influence, décision, fréquentations) bad3) (= défectueux) (réception) bad, poorLa ligne est mauvaise. — This is a bad line.
4) (= difficile) (expérience, moments) badIl a dû passer un mauvais moment chez le directeur. — He must have had a hard time with the manager.
5) (= dangereux) (maladie, chute) bad, nastyLa mer est mauvaise. — The sea's rough.
6) (= désagréable) (odeur, goût) bad7) (= erroné ou mal choisi) wrongVous avez fait le mauvais numéro. — You've dialled the wrong number.
Tu arrives au mauvais moment. — You've come at the wrong time., You've come at a bad time.
8) (= méchant, malveillant) nasty, malicious2. nm1) (= mauvais côté)le mauvais de... — the bad side of...
2) (personnage)les mauvais (= méchants) — the bad guys, (= pas doués) the bad ones
3. advfaire mauvais [temps] Il fait mauvais. — The weather's bad.
Ça sent mauvais. — It smells bad.
Ce poisson sent mauvais. — This fish smells bad.
* * *A adj1 ( d'un goût désagréable) être mauvais [nourriture, boisson] to be horrible; ne pas être mauvais [nourriture, boisson] to be quite good;2 ( de qualité inférieure) [repas, restaurant] poor; [tabac, alcool, café] cheap; [voiture, œuvre, spectacle] terrible; [nourriture, hébergement, livre] bad; [dictionnaire, bibliothèque, lycée, enregistrement] poor; ne pas être mauvais to be all right;4 ( inadéquat) [conseil, décision, définition, exemple, idée, solution, conditions de travail] bad; [projet] flawed; [renseignement] wrong; [éclairage, vue, mémoire, santé, hygiène, alimentation] poor; il ne serait pas mauvais de faire it wouldn't be a bad idea to do; mauvais pour la santé bad for one's health;5 ( inapproprié) wrong; la mauvaise méthode/solution/personne/date/clé the wrong method/solution/person/date/key;6 ( incompétent) [auteur, équipe] bad (en at); [élève, nageur, chasseur, amant] mediocre; [cuisinier, travailleur, menteur] bad; [avocat, médecin] incompetent; être mauvais en français [élève] to be bad at French; parler un mauvais français to speak French badly;7 ( déplaisant) [nuit, rêve, nouvelle, journée, impression] bad; [situation] difficult; [surprise] nasty; [vacances] terrible; ⇒ fortune, sang;8 ( méchant) [animal] vicious; [personne, sourire, remarque, ton] nasty; d'une mauvaise nature evil-natured; mauvais coup ( mauvaise action) mischief ¢; ( méchanceté) dirty trick; ( blessure) nasty knock; ( revers) terrible blow; préparer un mauvais coup to be up to mischief; faire subir un mauvais coup au gouvernement to deal a terrible blow to the government; de mauvaise humeur in a bad mood ( après n); ⇒ colère;9 ( grave) [fièvre, rhume] nasty;12 ( répréhensible) [père, fils, citoyen, comportement] bad; [chrétien] poor; [instinct] base; [tendance] unfortunate; [génie, intention, pensée] evil; ⇒ coton, pli;13 Météo [vent, pluie] nasty; [traversée, mer] rough; la météo est mauvaise the weather forecast is bad;B ○nm,f2 ( méchant) brute.C adv sentir mauvais lit to smell; fig○ to look bad; sentir très mauvais lit, fig to stink; ouvre la fenêtre, ça sent mauvais open the window, there's a nasty smell; la police est là, ça sent mauvais the police are here, things are looking bad; il fait mauvais Météo the weather is bad.D nm ( mauvais côté) le bon et le mauvais the good and the bad; il y a du bon et du mauvais chez chacun there's good and bad in everyone; il n'y a pas que du mauvais dans le projet the project isn't all bad.mauvais esprit ( personne) scoffing person; ( attitude) scoffing attitude; faire du mauvais esprit to scoff; mauvais garçon tough guy; mauvais lieux fleshpots; mauvais plaisant person with a warped sense of humourGB; mauvais traitements ill-treatment ¢; faire subir des mauvais traitements à qn to ill-treat sb; mauvaise herbe weed; mauvaise querelle unprovoked argument; faire une mauvaise querelle à qn to pick on sb; mauvaises rencontres bad company ¢; faire de mauvaises rencontres to get into bad company.la trouver or l'avoir mauvaise○ to be furious.( féminin mauvaise) [movɛ, movɛz] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet [movɛz]) adjectifA.[EN QUALITÉ]son deuxième roman est plus/moins mauvais que le premier her second novel is worse than her first/is not as bad as her firsten mauvais état in bad ou poor conditionla route est mauvaise the road is bad ou in a bad statej'ai une mauvaise vue ou de mauvais yeux I've got bad eyesightaprès l'entracte, la pièce devient franchement mauvaise after the interval, the play gets really bada. [dans une entreprise] poor resultsb. [à un examen] bad ou poor ou low gradesla ligne est mauvaise [téléphone] the line is badje suis mauvaise en économie I'm bad ou poor at economicsB.[DÉSAGRÉABLE]je n'irai plus dans ce restaurant, c'était trop mauvais I won't go to that restaurant again, it was too awfulil n'est pas si mauvais que ça, ton café your coffee isn't that badmauvais goût [de la nourriture, d'un médicament] bad ou nasty ou unpleasant tastejette ça, c'est mauvais [pourri] throw that away, it's gone badenlève ce qui est mauvais [dans un fruit] take off the bad bits[éprouvant] bad2. [défavorable] badmauvaise nouvelle, elle ne vient plus bad news, she's not coming anymoreC.[NON CONFORME]1. [erroné, inapproprié] wrongj'ai téléphoné à un mauvais moment I called at a bad ou an inconvenient timetu as choisi le mauvais jour pour me parler d'argent you've picked the wrong day to talk to me about moneyD.[NÉFASTE]un mauvais rhume a bad ou nasty coldc'est mauvais pour les poumons/plantes it's bad for your lungs/for the plantsne bois pas l'eau, elle est mauvaise don't drink the water, it's unsafe ou not safeje trouve mauvais que les enfants regardent trop la télévision I think it's bad ou harmful for children to watch too much televisionun rire/sourire mauvais a nasty laugh/smilea. [de poing] nasty blow ou punchb. [de pied] nasty kicken fait, ce n'est pas un mauvais homme/une mauvaise femme he/she means no harm(, really)3. [immoral] badavoir de mauvais instincts to have bad ou base instincts4. [funeste] badmauvais présage bad ou ill omen————————, mauvaise [movɛ, movɛz] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet [movɛz]) nom masculin, nom féminin[personne méchante] bad personoh, le mauvais/la mauvaise! [à un enfant] you naughty boy/girl!————————adverbe1. MÉTÉOROLOGIEil fait mauvais être/avoir... it's not a good idea to be/to have...à cette époque-là, il faisait mauvais être juif it was hard to be Jewish in those days————————nom masculin[ce qui est critiquable] -
6 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
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